UPSC CSE Prelims
Science & Technology Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
Solved Previous Year Questions (PYQs) for Science & Technology in UPSC CSE Prelims in English & Hindi Medium.
Chapter Breakdown: Scroll →
Consider the following statements with regard to involvement of private entities in India's space programme :
- The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) is an autonomous agency formed to facilitate participation of private entities.
- Agnikul Cosmos launched the world's first flight using 3D-printed rocket engine.
- Skyroot Aerospace has developed liquid fuel for GSLV.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Detailed Explanation:
Statement 1 — Correct. IN-SPACe was established in 2020 as an autonomous, single-window nodal agency under the Department of Space (DOS). It acts as a bridge between ISRO and private players to promote, authorize, and facilitate private sector participation in India's space sector.
Statement 2 — Correct. In May 2024, Chennai-based startup Agnikul Cosmos successfully launched the Agnibaan SOrTeD suborbital rocket from its private launchpad at Sriharikota — marking the world's first flight powered by a single-piece, fully 3D-printed rocket engine (semi-cryogenic engine named Agnilet).
Statement 3 — Incorrect. Skyroot Aerospace develops its own independent launch vehicles (the Vikram series) and engines. It does NOT develop fuel or engines for GSLV. The GSLV is an ISRO-owned heavy-lift rocket whose liquid and cryogenic stages are developed entirely in-house by ISRO via the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC).
Key Trick: Statement 3 mixes two separate private players — Agnikul (3D engine) and Skyroot (Vikram rockets) — and falsely links Skyroot to GSLV.
X', born in the UK, was conferred the Nobel Prize in 2025. He was a professor in an American university when this prize was announced. Identify 'X' :
Detailed Explanation:
John Clarke is the correct answer:
- Born: Cambridge, United Kingdom ✓
- Prize: 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics — for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling in an electric circuit
- Affiliation at time of award: Professor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley (American university) ✓
Why others are wrong:
| Option | Person | Born | University | Why Wrong |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Michel H. Devoret | France | Yale / UC Santa Barbara (USA) | Not born in UK |
| 2 | Richard Robson | Yorkshire, UK | University of Melbourne (Australia) | Not American university |
| 4 | Joel Mokyr | Netherlands | Northwestern University (USA) | Not born in UK |
Key Logic: Only John Clarke satisfies both conditions — born in UK AND professor at an American university.
The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) recently introduced a national standard to test and assess bomb disposal system. Which of the following statements with regard to this system is/are correct ?
- The new standard is known as IS 19445 : 2025.
- It will improve interoperability of equipment across agencies.
- It was developed by TBRL, DRDO in collaboration with the 30th Central Scientific Research Institute, Russia.
Select the answer using the code given below :
Detailed Explanation:
Statement 1 — Correct. In December 2025, BIS notified India's first dedicated national standard for bomb disposal systems, officially designated as IS 19445:2025.
Statement 2 — Correct. The standard establishes comprehensive guidelines for evaluating bomb disposal equipment — including bomb blankets, baskets, and inhibitors — against blast loads and splinter effects. A key objective is to bring uniformity in testing and procurement, thereby improving safety, reliability, and interoperability across agencies such as Armed Forces, CAPFs, NSG, and State Police.
Statement 3 — Incorrect. The standard was developed indigenously by BIS at the request of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and DRDO's Terminal Ballistic Research Laboratory (TBRL). There is no collaboration with any Russian entity. In fact, the standard was specifically created to reduce reliance on foreign norms, as existing international standards were either restricted in access or misaligned with Indian operational realities.
Key Point: IS 19445:2025 is a landmark step in indigenisation of defence standards — developed entirely within India by BIS + DRDO/TBRL, not in collaboration with any foreign agency.
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Which of the following statements about DHRUV64 is/are correct ?
- It is the third chip fabricated under the DIR-V Programme with an overall aim to enable the creation of microprocessors for India.
- It is India's first homegrown 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor.
Select the answer using the code given below :
Detailed Explanation:
Statement 1 — Correct. DHRUV64 is the third chip fabricated under the Digital India RISC-V (DIR-V) Programme, in the following sequence:
| Order | Chip |
|---|---|
| 1st | THEJAS32 |
| 2nd | THEJAS64 |
| 3rd | DHRUV64 |
The DIR-V Programme aims to build an indigenous portfolio of RISC-V-based microprocessors to reduce India's dependence on imported chips and foreign intellectual property.
Statement 2 — Correct. DHRUV64 is India's first homegrown 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor, developed by C-DAC under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It is built on the open-source RISC-V instruction set architecture, which ensures:
- No proprietary licensing fees
- Technological sovereignty for India
Key Facts to Remember:
- Programme: DIR-V (Digital India RISC-V)
- Developer: C-DAC under MeitY
- Architecture: Open-source RISC-V
- Significance: 3rd chip, 1st 64-bit dual-core at 1.0 GHz
Consider the following space missions:
I. Axiom-4
II. SpaDeX
III. Gaganyaan
How many of the space missions given above encourage and support micro-gravity research?
Detailed Explanation:
Among the given missions, Axiom-4 and Gaganyaan directly support and promote micro-gravity research, whereas SpaDeX is mainly a technology demonstration mission.
-
Statement I is Correct: Axiom-4 carries scientific experiments and micro-gravity research payloads aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
-
Statement II is Incorrect: SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) is designed to demonstrate autonomous docking technology, not primarily for micro-gravity research.
-
Statement III is Correct: Gaganyaan includes several micro-gravity experiments to be conducted by Indian astronauts (Vyomanauts) in space.
-
Therefore, only two missions support micro-gravity research, making Option B the correct answer.
Mission-wise Analysis
| Mission | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. Axiom-4 | ✅ Correct | Conducts scientific and micro-gravity experiments aboard the ISS. |
| II. SpaDeX | ❌ Incorrect | Primarily a space docking technology demonstration mission. |
| III. Gaganyaan | ✅ Correct | Includes micro-gravity research payloads and experiments. |
Micro-gravity Research
What is Micro-gravity?
Micro-gravity is a condition in space where objects experience very weak gravity and appear to be weightless.
Why is it Important?
Micro-gravity helps scientists study:
-
Human health in space
-
Material science
-
Biotechnology
-
Fluid dynamics
-
Plant growth and agriculture
Consider the following statements:
I. Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a future ready railway system by 2028.
II. 'Kavach' is an Automatic Train Protection system developed in collaboration with Germany.
III. 'Kavach' system consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section.
Which of the statements given above are not correct?
Detailed Explanation:
The question asks for the statements that are not correct.
-
Statement I is Incorrect: The National Rail Plan (NRP) aims to create a future-ready railway system by 2030, not 2028.
-
Statement II is Incorrect: Kavach is an indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed under the Make in India initiative, not in collaboration with Germany.
-
Statement III is Correct: Kavach uses RFID tags fitted on tracks and station sections to continuously monitor train location and movement.
-
Therefore, Statements I and II are not correct, making Option A the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. NRP aims for a future-ready railway system by 2028 | ❌ Incorrect | The target year is 2030, not 2028. |
| II. Kavach was developed with Germany | ❌ Incorrect | Kavach is an indigenously developed Indian system. |
| III. Kavach uses RFID tags on tracks | ✅ Correct | RFID tags help identify train location and improve safety. |
Kavach System
What is Kavach?
-
Kavach is India's indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system.
-
Developed under the Make in India initiative by Indian Railways.
-
Designed to prevent train collisions and improve railway safety.
Key Features
-
Automatic braking if the driver fails to respond.
-
Prevents Signal Passed At Danger (SPAD).
-
Real-time train location monitoring.
-
Uses RFID tags, radio communication, and onboard equipment.
National Rail Plan (NRP)
-
Released by Indian Railways.
-
Vision to create a future-ready railway network by 2030.
-
Focuses on capacity enhancement, freight share increase, and modernization.
GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation.
Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?
I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.
II. It will allow more uniform and high quality air traffic management.
III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Detailed Explanation:
GAGAN (GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation) is India's Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), jointly developed by ISRO and the Airports Authority of India (AAI) to improve GPS-based navigation.
-
Statement I is Correct: GAGAN enhances the accuracy and integrity of GPS signals.
-
Statement II is Correct: It enables safer, more efficient, and uniform air traffic management.
-
Statement III is Incorrect: GAGAN is useful not only in aviation but also in road transport, railways, maritime navigation, agriculture, surveying, and disaster management.
-
Therefore, only Statements I and II are correct, making Option D the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity | ✅ Correct | GAGAN improves GPS precision and reliability for navigation. |
| II. It will allow more uniform and high-quality air traffic management | ✅ Correct | Better navigation helps improve flight safety and air traffic efficiency. |
| III. It will provide benefits only in aviation | ❌ Incorrect | Its applications extend to several non-aviation sectors as well. |
Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Some rare earth elements are used in the manufacture of flat television screens and computer monitors.
Statement II: Some rare earth elements have phosphorescent properties.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Detailed Explanation:
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) such as Europium, Terbium, and Yttrium are widely used in modern display technologies.
-
Statement I is Correct: Some rare earth elements are used in flat TV screens and computer monitors.
-
Statement II is Correct: These elements possess phosphorescent properties, meaning they can absorb energy and emit light.
-
Statement II explains Statement I because these phosphorescent properties help produce bright, vibrant, and accurate colors in display screens.
-
Therefore, Option A is the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Statement I: REEs are used in flat TV screens and monitors | ✅ Correct | Europium, Terbium, and Yttrium are used in display technologies for color generation. |
| Statement II: Some REEs have phosphorescent properties | ✅ Correct | These elements can emit visible light after absorbing energy. |
| Relationship | ✅ Correct | Phosphorescence is the reason REEs are valuable in screens and monitors. |
Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
What are Rare Earth Elements?
Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 metallic elements consisting of:
-
15 Lanthanides
-
Scandium
-
Yttrium
Important Applications
-
Flat-screen TVs and monitors
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Smartphones
-
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
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Wind turbines
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Defence equipment
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Medical imaging devices
Phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is the ability of a material to:
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Absorb energy
-
Store it temporarily
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Emit light gradually
This property helps create:
-
Bright displays
-
High color accuracy
-
Better screen efficiency
Important REEs Used in Displays
| Element | Use |
|---|---|
| Europium | Red color phosphors |
| Terbium | Green color phosphors |
| Yttrium | Display and LED phosphors |
With reference to India's defence, consider the following pairs:
Aircraft type – Description
I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft
II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft
III. C-17 Globemaster III: Military transport aircraft
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Detailed Explanation:
Among the three pairs, Dornier-228 and C-17 Globemaster III are correctly matched with their roles, while IL-76 is incorrectly described.
-
Pair I is Correct: Dornier-228 is used for maritime patrol, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions.
-
Pair II is Incorrect: IL-76 is a heavy military transport aircraft, not a supersonic combat aircraft.
-
Pair III is Correct: C-17 Globemaster III is a strategic military transport aircraft used for troop and cargo movement.
-
Therefore, only two pairs are correctly matched, making Option B the correct answer.
Pair-wise Analysis
| Pair | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft | ✅ Correct | Operated by the Indian Navy and Coast Guard for maritime surveillance and patrol. |
| II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft | ❌ Incorrect | IL-76 is a heavy-lift transport aircraft, not a combat aircraft. |
| III. C-17 Globemaster III : Military transport aircraft | ✅ Correct | Used by the Indian Air Force for strategic airlift operations. |
Important Transport Aircraft of India
Dornier-228
-
Twin-engine utility aircraft.
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Used for maritime patrol, surveillance, search and rescue.
-
Operated by the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.
IL-76
-
Heavy strategic transport aircraft of Russian origin.
-
Used for troop transport, cargo movement, and humanitarian missions.
-
Also serves as a platform for AWACS variants.
C-17 Globemaster III
-
Strategic military transport aircraft manufactured by Boeing.
-
Can carry troops, tanks, helicopters, and heavy equipment.
-
Backbone of India's long-range airlift capability.
Consider the following statements:
I. No virus can survive in ocean waters.
II. No virus can infect bacteria.
III. No virus can change the cellular transcriptional activity in host cells.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
All three statements are incorrect because viruses are found in diverse environments, can infect bacteria, and can manipulate host cell functions.
-
Statement I is Incorrect: Viruses are extremely abundant in oceans and play an important role in marine ecosystems.
-
Statement II is Incorrect: Certain viruses called bacteriophages specifically infect bacteria.
-
Statement III is Incorrect: Viruses can alter the host cell's transcriptional machinery to produce viral proteins and replicate themselves.
-
Therefore, none of the statements are correct, making Option D the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. No virus can survive in ocean waters | ❌ Incorrect | Oceans contain billions of viruses and are one of the largest viral reservoirs on Earth. |
| II. No virus can infect bacteria | ❌ Incorrect | Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. |
| III. No virus can change cellular transcriptional activity | ❌ Incorrect | Viruses frequently modify host gene expression to support their replication. |
Viruses
What are Viruses?
Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that can reproduce only inside living host cells.
Important Facts
-
Found in soil, air, freshwater, oceans, and living organisms.
-
Cannot reproduce independently.
-
Use host cell machinery to make new viruses.
-
Can infect animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.
Bacteriophages
-
Viruses that infect bacteria.
-
Among the most abundant biological entities on Earth.
-
Widely used in biotechnology and phage therapy research.
How Viruses Affect Host Cells
Viruses can:
-
Alter gene expression.
-
Hijack cellular machinery.
-
Suppress immune responses.
-
Change transcription and protein synthesis pathways.
Consider the following statements:
I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing.
II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS).
III. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
The Majorana 1 chip is a breakthrough quantum computing chip developed by Microsoft and is expected to accelerate the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers.
-
Statement I is Correct: Majorana 1 is designed to support the future of quantum computing.
-
Statement II is Incorrect: The chip was introduced by Microsoft, not Amazon Web Services (AWS).
-
Statement III is Correct: Deep Learning is a specialized subset of Machine Learning that uses multi-layered neural networks.
-
Therefore, only Statements I and III are correct, making Option C the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing | ✅ Correct | It is designed to support scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computers. |
| II. Introduced by AWS | ❌ Incorrect | Majorana 1 was developed by Microsoft. |
| III. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning | ✅ Correct | Deep learning is an advanced branch of machine learning using neural networks. |
Majorana 1 Chip
What is Majorana 1?
Majorana 1 is Microsoft's quantum computing chip based on topological qubits, which aim to reduce errors and improve quantum stability.
Why is it important?
-
Helps build scalable quantum computers.
-
Uses Majorana particles (theoretical quasiparticles) for more reliable qubits.
-
Expected to solve complex problems beyond the capability of classical computers.
Potential Applications
-
Drug discovery
-
Material science
-
Climate modelling
-
Cryptography
-
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning vs Deep Learning
| Machine Learning | Deep Learning |
|---|---|
| Broad field of AI | Subset of Machine Learning |
| Often requires manual feature selection | Learns features automatically |
| Works well with smaller datasets | Performs best with large datasets |
| Simpler models | Uses multi-layer neural networks |
With reference to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), consider the following statements:
I. All types of UAVs can do vertical landing.
II. All types of UAVs can do automated hovering.
III. All types of UAVs can use battery only as a source of power supply.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
The capabilities of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) depend on their design (fixed-wing, multirotor, hybrid, etc.). Therefore, the word "All" makes all three statements incorrect.
-
Statement I is Incorrect: Not all UAVs can perform vertical landing. Fixed-wing UAVs require a runway or launcher/recovery system.
-
Statement II is Incorrect: Not all UAVs can hover. Fixed-wing UAVs must keep moving forward to stay airborne.
-
Statement III is Incorrect: Not all UAVs use battery power only. Many UAVs use fuel engines, hybrid systems, or even solar power.
-
Therefore, none of the statements are correct, making Option D the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. All UAVs can do vertical landing | ❌ Incorrect | Only VTOL and multirotor UAVs can land vertically. |
| II. All UAVs can do automated hovering | ❌ Incorrect | Fixed-wing UAVs cannot hover. |
| III. All UAVs use battery only | ❌ Incorrect | UAVs may use fuel, hybrid, solar, or battery power. |
Types of UAVs
| Type | Hovering | Vertical Take-off/Landing | Power Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed-Wing | ❌ No | ❌ No | Fuel, Battery, Hybrid |
| Multirotor | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes | Mostly Battery |
| VTOL Hybrid | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes | Battery, Fuel, Hybrid |
Important Facts
-
Fixed-wing UAVs are preferred for long-range surveillance and mapping.
-
Multirotor drones are ideal for photography, monitoring, and inspection.
-
Hybrid UAVs combine the advantages of fixed-wing and multirotor systems.
-
Modern UAVs can be powered by batteries, internal combustion engines, hydrogen fuel cells, or solar energy.
Consider the following types of vehicles:
I. Full battery electric vehicles
II. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
III. Fuel cell electric hybrid vehicles
How many of the above are considered as alternative (powertrain) vehicles?
Detailed Explanation:
Alternative powertrain vehicles are vehicles that do not rely on conventional petrol or diesel internal combustion engines as their primary source of propulsion.
-
Statement I is Correct: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) run entirely on electricity stored in batteries.
-
Statement II is Correct: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCEVs) generate electricity from hydrogen using fuel cells.
-
Statement III is Correct: Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicles (FCEHVs) combine fuel cells, batteries, and electric motors.
-
Therefore, all three are considered alternative powertrain vehicles, making Option C the correct answer.
Vehicle-wise Analysis
| Vehicle Type | Alternative Powertrain? | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Full Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) | ✅ Yes | Powered solely by batteries and electric motors. |
| Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCEV) | ✅ Yes | Uses hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity. |
| Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicle (FCEHV) | ✅ Yes | Combines hydrogen fuel cells with battery storage. |
Alternative Powertrain Vehicles
What are Alternative Powertrains?
These are vehicle propulsion systems that use alternatives to conventional petrol or diesel engines.
Major Types
| Type | Energy Source |
|---|---|
| BEV | Battery Electricity |
| FCEV | Hydrogen Fuel Cell |
| FCEHV | Hydrogen Fuel Cell + Battery |
| HEV | Fuel + Electric Motor |
| PHEV | Plug-in Battery + Fuel Engine |
Important Facts
-
BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions.
-
FCEVs emit only water vapor as a by-product.
-
Hydrogen-based vehicles are considered important for long-range and heavy-duty transport.
-
Alternative powertrains help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions.
With reference to monoclonal antibodies, often mentioned in news, consider the following statements:
I. They are man-made proteins.
II. They stimulate immunological function due to their ability to bind to specific antigens.
III. They are used in treating viral infections like that of Nipah virus.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins designed to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
-
Statement I is Correct: They are man-made proteins produced in laboratories.
-
Statement II is Correct: They bind to specific antigens and help the immune system identify or neutralize harmful pathogens.
-
Statement III is Correct: Monoclonal antibodies are used in treating and preventing certain viral infections, including the Nipah virus.
-
Therefore, all three statements are correct, making Option D the correct answer.
Statement-wise Analysis
| Statement | Status | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| I. They are man-made proteins | ✅ Correct | Produced in laboratories from cloned immune cells. |
| II. They bind to specific antigens | ✅ Correct | Their high specificity helps target viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. |
| III. Used against Nipah virus | ✅ Correct | Monoclonal antibodies have been developed and tested for Nipah virus treatment. |
Notes: Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
What are Monoclonal Antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are identical laboratory-produced antibodies designed to target a specific antigen.
How do they work?
-
Bind to a specific antigen.
-
Block pathogens from infecting cells.
-
Help the immune system destroy infected or abnormal cells.
Major Uses
-
Cancer treatment
-
Autoimmune diseases
-
Viral infections (COVID-19, Ebola, Nipah)
-
Diagnostic tests
Important Facts
-
Developed using a single clone of immune cells, hence the term "monoclonal."
-
They are highly specific compared to conventional drugs.
-
Widely used in modern biotechnology and precision medicine.
Consider the following substances:
I. Ethanol
II. Nitroglycerine
III. Urea
Coal gasification technology can be used in the production of how many of them?
Detailed Explanation:
Coal gasification converts coal into syngas (mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen), which serves as a raw material for many chemicals.
-
I. Ethanol ✅ Correct – Syngas can be converted into ethanol through chemical or biological processes.
-
II. Nitroglycerine ❌ Incorrect – Nitroglycerine is produced by nitrating glycerol, not from syngas obtained through coal gasification.
-
III. Urea ✅ Correct – Hydrogen from syngas is used to make ammonia, which then reacts with carbon dioxide to produce urea.
-
Therefore, only Ethanol and Urea can be produced using coal gasification technology, making Option B the correct answer.
Substance-wise Analysis
| Substance | Produced Using Coal Gasification? | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | ✅ Yes | Syngas can be converted into ethanol. |
| Nitroglycerine | ❌ No | Produced from glycerol through nitration. |
| Urea | ✅ Yes | Made using ammonia and carbon dioxide derived from gasification products. |
Coal Gasification
What is Coal Gasification?
Coal gasification is the process of converting coal into syngas, a mixture of:
-
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
-
Hydrogen (H₂)
-
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
-
Water Vapour
Major Products from Syngas
-
Ammonia
-
Urea
-
Methanol
-
Ethanol
-
Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
-
Hydrogen
Important Facts
-
Coal gasification helps reduce dependence on imported natural gas and crude oil.
-
It is an important technology for producing fertilizers and industrial chemicals.
-
India is promoting coal gasification to utilize its large domestic coal reserves.