Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 2 — Jainism

The statement reflects the fundamental Jain doctrine that the entire cosmos is alive. According to Jain philosophy, souls (Jivas) are not restricted to humans, animals, and plants but are also present in elements like rocks (earth), running water, air, and fire. These are categorized as Sthavara Jivas (immobile living beings) or Ekendriya (one-sensed beings). This ontological belief is the foundation for the rigorous practice of Ahimsa (non-violence) in Jainism, as harming any natural element is considered harming a living soul.

📝 Short Notes: Jain Doctrine of Soul (Jiva)

• Jiva (Soul): Jainism believes that souls exist in all forms of matter—living and non-living by conventional standards.
• Classification of Jivas: Divided into two main categories: Sthavara (immobile) and Trasa (mobile).
• Ekendriya (One-sensed beings): Includes earth-bodied, water-bodied, fire-bodied, air-bodied, and plant-bodied beings—all possessing the sense of touch only.
• Multi-sensed beings: Range from two-sensed (worms) to five-sensed beings (humans, animals) with progressively more senses.
• Ahimsa (Non-violence): This belief in universal souls makes Jainism the most rigorous religion in practicing non-violence, avoiding harm to even the smallest elements.
• Anekantavada: The doctrine of non-absolutism or multiplicity of viewpoints—recognizes that truth has many aspects and no single viewpoint is complete.
• Difference from other religions: Buddhism, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism do not attribute souls to inanimate natural objects like rocks and water.