UPSC Prelims 2017
Ancient History Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 3 — 1 and 3 only

This question tests the comparative understanding of Rigvedic Aryan culture and Indus Valley Civilization. Statement 1 and Statement 3 are correct, while Statement 2 contains a factual error regarding metallurgical knowledge.

✅ Statement 1 – Correct: Rigvedic Aryans used protective warfare equipment like 'varman' (coat of mail) and helmets, whereas the Indus Valley Civilization, being primarily a peaceful urban society, has not yielded archaeological evidence of such military gear.

❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: The Indus Valley people were part of a Bronze Age civilization and knew gold, silver, copper, and bronze (not iron). Rigvedic Aryans also knew gold, silver, and copper but not iron initially. The statement incorrectly claims IVC people knew only copper and iron, which is factually wrong on both counts.

✅ Statement 3 – Correct: The horse was central to Rigvedic Aryan culture with extensive mentions in the Rigveda, whereas there is no clear, widespread evidence of horse domestication or awareness in the Indus Valley Civilization.