UPSC CSE Prelims
International & Regional Organizations Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
Showing solved Previous Year Questions for Chapter: International & Regional Organizations
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Consider the following:
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
- Missile Technology Control Regime
- Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
India is a member of which of the above?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 4 — 1, 2 and 3
India is a member of all three organizations mentioned in the question. India joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) as a founding member in 2015 and is its second-largest shareholder after China. India became a full member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) on June 27, 2016, as the 35th partner country. India joined the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) as a full member in 2017 along with Pakistan.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: India is a founding member of AIIB (2015) and holds the second-largest shareholding after China.
✅ Statement 2 – Correct: India became the 35th member of MTCR in June 2016, gaining access to critical missile and space technologies.
✅ Statement 3 – Correct: India became a full member of SCO in 2017, upgrading from its earlier observer status.
📝 Short Notes: India's Membership in International Organizations
| Organization | Year of India's Membership | Key Details |
|---|---|---|
| Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) | 2015 (Founding Member) | Headquartered in Beijing; India is the second-largest shareholder with 7.6% voting rights; 109 members as of 2024 |
| Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) | 2016 (35th Member) | Informal political partnership aimed at preventing proliferation of unmanned delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction; 35 members |
| Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) | 2017 (Full Member) | Eurasian political, economic and security organization; 10 full members; India was observer since 2005; joined along with Pakistan |
With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
- A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
- Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
- The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea in measure.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 4 — 1, 2 and 3
All three statements correctly describe key provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Convention establishes comprehensive rules governing maritime zones, navigation rights, and resource management in the world's oceans.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: UNCLOS Article 3 permits coastal states to establish territorial sea up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline, representing sovereignty over this maritime zone.
✅ Statement 2 – Correct: UNCLOS Articles 17-19 guarantee innocent passage rights for all ships (coastal and land-locked states) through territorial seas, provided the passage is continuous, expeditious, and non-prejudicial to the coastal state's peace and security.
✅ Statement 3 – Correct: UNCLOS Article 57 stipulates that the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) cannot extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline, granting coastal states sovereign rights over natural resources within this zone.
📝 Short Notes: UNCLOS Maritime Zones
| Maritime Zone | Distance from Baseline | Key Rights of Coastal State | Rights of Other States |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internal Waters | Landward of baseline | Complete sovereignty | No right of passage |
| Territorial Sea | Up to 12 nautical miles | Full sovereignty (subject to innocent passage) | Right of innocent passage |
| Contiguous Zone | Up to 24 nautical miles | Enforcement jurisdiction (customs, fiscal, immigration, sanitary laws) | Freedom of navigation |
| Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | Up to 200 nautical miles | Sovereign rights over natural resources; jurisdiction over artificial structures, marine research, environmental protection | Freedom of navigation, overflight, laying submarine cables/pipelines |
| Continental Shelf | Up to 200 nautical miles (extendable to 350 nm or beyond in some cases) | Sovereign rights over seabed and subsoil resources | Freedom to lay cables/pipelines (with consent) |
| High Seas | Beyond EEZ | No sovereignty | Freedom of navigation, overflight, fishing, scientific research (common heritage) |
- Baseline: Normal baseline is the low-water line along the coast; straight baselines may be used where coastline is deeply indented or has fringe of islands.
- Innocent Passage: Must be continuous, expeditious; excludes activities like weapons practice, fishing, research, or acts prejudicial to coastal state security.
- UNCLOS Adoption: Signed in 1982 at Montego Bay, Jamaica; entered into force in 1994; often called the "Constitution for the Oceans."
- India and UNCLOS: India ratified UNCLOS in 1995; claims 12 nm territorial sea and 200 nm EEZ.
Consider the following pairs
| International Agreement | Set-up Subject |
|---|---|
| 1. Alma-Ata Declaration | Healthcare of the people |
| 2. Hague Convention | Biological and chemical weapons |
| 3. Talanoa Dialogue | Global climate change |
| 4. Under2 Coalition | Child rights |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 3 — 1 and 3 only
This question tests knowledge of various international agreements and their subject areas. Only pairs 1 and 3 are correctly matched, while pairs 2 and 4 contain incorrect associations.
✅ Pair 1 – Correct: The Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) was adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Kazakhstan, establishing primary health care as the key to achieving health for all.
❌ Pair 2 – Incorrect: The Hague Convention (1980) deals with the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, not biological and chemical weapons. Biological and chemical weapons are covered by the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC, 1972) and Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC, 1993).
✅ Pair 3 – Correct: The Talanoa Dialogue is a facilitative process under the UNFCCC to take stock of collective efforts toward climate goals and inform Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
❌ Pair 4 – Incorrect: The Under2 Coalition is a global alliance of state and regional governments committed to ambitious climate action to keep global warming well below 2°C, not related to child rights. Child rights are primarily addressed by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC, 1989).
📝 Short Notes: Key International Agreements
| Agreement/Convention | Year | Subject Area |
|---|---|---|
| Alma-Ata Declaration | 1978 | Primary Health Care for all |
| Hague Convention | 1980 | International Child Abduction (Civil Aspects) |
| Talanoa Dialogue | 2018 | Climate change facilitative dialogue (UNFCCC) |
| Under2 Coalition | 2015 | Subnational climate action (below 2°C target) |
| Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) | 1972 | Prohibition of biological weapons |
| Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) | 1993 | Prohibition of chemical weapons |
| UN Convention on Rights of Child (UNCRC) | 1989 | Child rights and welfare |
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In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 1 — Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey
The G20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 countries and the European Union. Among the given options, only Option 1 lists four countries that are all members of G20: Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey. Option 2 includes Malaysia and New Zealand (not G20 members), Option 3 includes Iran and Vietnam (not G20 members), and Option 4 includes Singapore (not a G20 member).
📝 Short Notes: G20 Membership
- Full Name: Group of Twenty (G20)
- Established: 1999 (Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors forum); elevated to Leaders' Summit level in 2008
- Total Members: 19 countries + European Union = 20 members
- Member Countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea (Republic of Korea), Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- Regional Member: European Union (represented by the European Commission and European Central Bank)
- Purpose: Forum for international cooperation on financial and economic issues; represents about 85% of global GDP, 75% of global trade, and two-thirds of world population
- Presidency: Rotates annually among member countries; India held the G20 Presidency in 2023
With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements :
- AIIB has more than 80 member nations.
- India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.
- AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 1 — 1 only
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank established in 2016 with headquarters in Beijing. Among the three statements, only the first statement about AIIB having more than 80 member nations is correct.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: AIIB has more than 80 member nations (as of 2024, it has 109 approved members from across the globe).
❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: India is the second-largest shareholder in AIIB with approximately 7.5% voting share, while China is the largest shareholder with around 26.6% voting share.
❌ Statement 3 – Incorrect: AIIB has members from outside Asia, including numerous European countries (like UK, Germany, France), as well as members from South America, Africa, and Oceania.
📝 Short Notes: Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Establishment | January 2016 |
| Headquarters | Beijing, China |
| Total Members | 109 approved members (as of 2024) |
| Largest Shareholder | China (~26.6% voting share) |
| Second Largest Shareholder | India (~7.5% voting share) |
| Purpose | Infrastructure development and regional connectivity in Asia-Pacific |
| Global Reach | Members from Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, and Oceania |
| Key Focus Areas | Sustainable infrastructure, green energy, transportation, urban development |
Consider the following statements:
- The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
- The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
- A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
- The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 3 — 2 and 4 only
This question tests knowledge of international conventions related to corruption and organized crime. Only statements 2 and 4 are correct, while statements 1 and 3 incorrectly attribute specific protocols and chapters to the wrong conventions.
✅ Statement 1 – Incorrect: The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air supplements the UNTOC (United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime), not the UNCAC.
✅ Statement 2 – Correct: The UNCAC, adopted in 2003 and entered into force in 2005, is indeed the first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
❌ Statement 3 – Incorrect: Asset recovery (Chapter V) is a specific highlight of the UNCAC, not the UNTOC.
✅ Statement 4 – Correct: The UNODC is mandated by member states to assist in implementing both UNCAC and UNTOC, along with the three UN Drug Conventions.
📝 Short Notes: UNCAC and UNTOC
| Feature | UNCAC | UNTOC |
|---|---|---|
| Full Name | UN Convention against Corruption | UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime |
| Adopted | 2003 (force: 2005) | 2000 (force: 2003) |
| Key Focus | Anti-corruption measures, asset recovery | Combating transnational organized crime |
| Special Feature | First legally binding global anti-corruption instrument; Chapter V on Asset Recovery | Three supplementary protocols (Trafficking in Persons, Smuggling of Migrants, Firearms) |
| Implementation Support | UNODC | UNODC |
- Three UNTOC Protocols: (1) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; (2) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; (3) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms
- Asset Recovery: UNCAC's Chapter V provides mechanisms for countries to recover assets stolen through corruption, making it the first international instrument with a dedicated chapter on this issue
- UNODC Role: Assists member states in implementing UNCAC, UNTOC, and the three UN Drug Conventions (1961, 1971, 1988)
Which of the following adopted a law on data protection and privacy for its citizens known as ‘General Data Protection Regulation’ in April 2016 and started implementation of it from 25th May, 2018?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 3 — The European Union
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was adopted by the European Union in April 2016 and implemented from 25th May 2018. It is a comprehensive legal framework designed to protect the personal data and privacy rights of EU citizens, setting stringent standards for data collection, processing, and storage that apply to any organization handling EU residents' data, regardless of geographic location.
📝 Short Notes: General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
- Adoption and Implementation: Adopted by the EU in April 2016; came into effect on 25th May 2018.
- Scope: Applies to all organizations processing personal data of EU/EEA residents, regardless of the organization's location.
- Key Principles: Lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, data minimization, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity, and confidentiality.
- Individual Rights: Right to access, rectification, erasure (right to be forgotten), restriction of processing, data portability, and objection.
- Penalties: Organizations can face fines up to €20 million or 4% of annual global turnover, whichever is higher, for serious violations.
- Data Protection Officers: Certain organizations must appoint a DPO to oversee GDPR compliance.
- Impact on India: Indian companies handling EU citizens' data must comply with GDPR; influenced India's Personal Data Protection Bill discussions.
In the Indian context, what is the implication of ratifying the 'Additional Protocol' with the 'International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)'?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 1 — The civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards.
The Additional Protocol is a legal instrument that grants the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) enhanced access to information and locations to verify that nuclear materials are used exclusively for peaceful purposes. By ratifying the Additional Protocol, India committed to placing its civilian nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards, allowing verification that nuclear material in these facilities is not diverted for military use.
✅ Option 1 – Correct: Ratification of the Additional Protocol brings civilian nuclear reactors under IAEA safeguards, ensuring international verification of peaceful use of nuclear materials.
❌ Option 2 – Incorrect: India maintains a clear separation between civilian and military nuclear programs; military installations remain outside IAEA inspection scope.
❌ Option 3 – Incorrect: While the Additional Protocol was part of India's integration into the global nuclear order post-Indo-US nuclear deal, it does not automatically provide the privilege to buy uranium from NSG; separate bilateral agreements are required.
❌ Option 4 – Incorrect: NSG membership requires a separate consensus-based admission process and is not automatic upon ratifying the Additional Protocol.
📝 Short Notes: IAEA Additional Protocol and India
- IAEA Additional Protocol: Legal document providing the IAEA with expanded rights of access to ensure nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful use of nuclear energy.
- India's Approach: India signed the Additional Protocol in 2009, which entered into force on July 25, 2014.
- Civilian-Military Separation: India follows a separation plan where designated civilian facilities come under IAEA safeguards, while strategic/military facilities remain outside.
- Indo-US Nuclear Deal (2008): Enabled India to access civilian nuclear technology and fuel despite not being a signatory to the NPT; the Additional Protocol was part of this framework.
- NSG Waiver (2008): Nuclear Suppliers Group granted India a special waiver allowing nuclear trade; however, India is not yet an NSG member.
- IAEA Safeguards: Apply to declared civilian facilities, ensuring nuclear materials are not diverted for weapons purposes through regular inspections and monitoring.
Consider the following countries :
- Australia
- Canada
- China
- India
- Japan
- USA
Which of the above are among the 'free-trade partners' of ASEAN?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 3 — 1, 3, 4 and 5
ASEAN has established Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with six specific Dialogue Partners: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand. Among the given options, Australia, China, India, and Japan are free-trade partners of ASEAN, while Canada and USA are only Dialogue Partners without formal FTAs.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: Australia is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA).
❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: Canada is a Dialogue Partner of ASEAN but does not have a formal Free Trade Agreement with the bloc.
✅ Statement 3 – Correct: China is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA).
✅ Statement 4 – Correct: India is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA).
✅ Statement 5 – Correct: Japan is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP).
❌ Statement 6 – Incorrect: The USA has been a Dialogue Partner of ASEAN since 1977, but does not have a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN bloc.
📝 Short Notes: ASEAN Free Trade Agreements
| Partner Country/Region | FTA Name | Year of Entry into Force |
|---|---|---|
| China | ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA) | 2010 |
| Japan | ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP) | 2008 |
| South Korea | ASEAN-Korea FTA (AKFTA) | 2007 |
| India | ASEAN-India FTA (AIFTA) | 2010 |
| Australia & New Zealand | ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA (AANZFTA) | 2010 |
| Hong Kong | ASEAN-Hong Kong FTA | 2019 |
- ASEAN has 11 Dialogue Partners including USA, Canada, EU, Russia, and UK, but not all have FTAs.
- The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) signed in 2020 includes ASEAN and five FTA partners (China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand).
- USA and Canada remain strategic partners but without comprehensive trade agreements with ASEAN as a bloc.
What is/are the consequence/consequences of a country becoming a member of the 'Nuclear Suppliers Group'?
- It will have access to the latest and most efficient nuclear technologies.
- It automatically becomes a member of "The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)".
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 1 — 1 only
The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multilateral export control regime that regulates the supply of nuclear materials, equipment, and technology for peaceful purposes. Membership provides access to advanced nuclear technologies and facilitates international nuclear commerce, but does not automatically confer NPT membership.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: NSG members gain access to the latest and most efficient nuclear technologies as the group facilitates trade in nuclear materials, equipment, and technology among member states for peaceful purposes.
❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: NSG membership does not automatically make a country a member of the NPT; these are separate frameworks with different membership criteria and objectives.
📝 Short Notes: Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
- Formation: Established in 1975 in response to India's 1974 nuclear test (Pokhran-I), to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
- Headquarters: Vienna, Austria (administratively under IAEA).
- Members: 48 countries including USA, Russia, China, France, UK, Germany, and Japan.
- Objective: Control export of nuclear materials, equipment, and technology to prevent their use for nuclear weapons.
- Guidelines: Two sets – Part 1 (trigger list of nuclear materials and equipment) and Part 2 (dual-use items).
- Decision-making: Operates on consensus basis; all members must agree for new membership.
- India's Status: Not a member despite US support; China has been a key blocker citing India's non-NPT status.
- India-NSG Waiver (2008): India received a special waiver allowing nuclear trade without being an NSG member or NPT signatory.
International Labour Organization's Conventions 138 and 182 are related to -
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 1 — Child Labour
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has adopted two fundamental conventions to eliminate child labour worldwide. These conventions focus on fixing the minimum age for employment and abolishing the worst forms of child labour.
✅ Convention No. 138 – Correct: Known as the Minimum Age Convention (1973), it requires countries to prescribe a minimum age for employment and gradually eliminate child labour.
✅ Convention No. 182 – Correct: Known as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999), it calls for the immediate prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including slavery, trafficking, forced labour, and hazardous work.
Therefore, both conventions are related to child labour.
📝 Short Notes: ILO Conventions 138 & 182
| Point | Details |
|---|---|
| Organization | International Labour Organization (ILO) |
| Convention No. 138 | Minimum Age Convention, 1973 |
| Objective of C138 | Fix a minimum age for employment and progressively eliminate child labour |
| Convention No. 182 | Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 |
| Objective of C182 | Eliminate slavery, trafficking, forced labour, child prostitution, and hazardous child labour |
| Fundamental ILO Conventions | Both are among the ILO's Fundamental Conventions |
| India's Ratification | India ratified Conventions 138 and 182 in 2017 |
| Related Indian Law | Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (amended in 2016) |
With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?
- UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
- Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
- UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 2 — 1 and 3 only
UN-Habitat is the United Nations programme for human settlements with a mandate to promote sustainable urbanization and adequate shelter for all. Statement 2 is incorrect because UN-Habitat works with diverse partners including NGOs, academic institutions, private sector, and civil society organizations, not just governments and local authorities.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: UN-Habitat has been mandated by the UN General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities and provide adequate shelter for all.
❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: UN-Habitat partners with a wide range of stakeholders including governments, local authorities, NGOs, academic institutions, private sector entities, and civil society organizations, not just governments or local urban authorities.
✅ Statement 3 – Correct: UN-Habitat contributes to the UN system's overall objectives of poverty reduction and promoting access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation as part of sustainable urban development.
With reference to ‘Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development (APMCHUD)’, consider the following statements:
- The first APMCHUD was held in India in 2006 on the theme ‘Emerging Urban Forms — Policy Responses and Governance Structure’.
- India hosts all the Annual Ministerial Conferences in partnership with ADB, APEC and ASEAN.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 4 — Neither 1 nor 2
The Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development (APMCHUD) is an intergovernmental platform for Asia-Pacific countries to collaborate on housing and urban development issues. Both statements contain factual inaccuracies regarding the conference's theme and hosting arrangements.
❌ Statement 1 – Incorrect: The first APMCHUD was held in New Delhi, India in December 2006, but the theme was 'A Vision for Sustainable Urbanization in the Asia-Pacific by 2020', not 'Emerging Urban Forms — Policy Responses and Governance Structure'.
❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: APMCHUD is a biennial event hosted by different member countries on a rotational basis (as agreed in previous conferences), not annually hosted by India in partnership with ADB, APEC, and ASEAN.
Consider the following statements:
- The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically held under the aegis of the United Nations.
- The International Panel on Fissile Materials is an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 4 — Neither 1 nor 2
Both statements are incorrect regarding the institutional affiliations of nuclear security mechanisms. The Nuclear Security Summits were an independent initiative outside the UN framework, and the International Panel on Fissile Materials is not affiliated with the IAEA.
❌ Statement 1 – Incorrect: The Nuclear Security Summits (2010-2016) were initiated by the United States as an independent initiative, not under the aegis of the United Nations or any formal international organization.
❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM) is an independent expert group of arms control and non-proliferation specialists, not an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
‘Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)’, often in the news, is
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 2 — A non-governmental international organization
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), commonly known as Doctors Without Borders, is an independent international medical humanitarian NGO founded in 1971 in France. It operates independently of any government, providing medical assistance to populations affected by armed conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from healthcare, irrespective of race, religion, or political affiliation. MSF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 for its pioneering humanitarian work across continents, recognized for its impartiality and commitment to medical ethics.