Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 3 — Both 1 and 2

The Coriolis force is an apparent deflection force caused by Earth's rotation, affecting moving objects including wind and ocean currents. Both statements about the Coriolis force are correct based on fundamental principles of atmospheric and oceanographic dynamics.

✅ Statement 1 – Correct: The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the velocity of the moving object (F = 2mΩv sinφ), so higher wind velocity results in greater Coriolis force and deflection.

✅ Statement 2 – Correct: The Coriolis force varies with the sine of latitude (sinφ), being maximum at the poles (sin 90° = 1) and zero at the equator (sin 0° = 0), where no deflection occurs.

📝 Short Notes: Coriolis Force

• Definition: An apparent deflection force acting on moving objects due to Earth's rotation, named after French scientist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis.
• Mathematical Expression: F = 2mΩv sinφ, where m = mass, Ω = Earth's angular velocity, v = object velocity, φ = latitude.
• Direction of Deflection: Objects are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Latitudinal Variation: Zero at the equator, increases with latitude, and maximum at the poles; this explains why tropical cyclones do not form within 5° of the equator.
• Dependency on Velocity: Greater the speed of the moving object (wind, ocean current, missile), greater the Coriolis deflection.
• Impact on Wind Patterns: Responsible for the rotation of cyclones, anticyclones, trade winds deflection, and the geostrophic wind balance.
• Ocean Currents: Causes major ocean currents to flow in circular patterns (gyres) - clockwise in Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere.
• Practical Applications: Critical for long-range artillery, missile trajectories, aviation routes, and understanding global circulation patterns.