Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
- Cnidarians
- Fungi
- Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 4 — 1, 2 and 3
All three groups—cnidarians, fungi, and protozoa—have species capable of establishing symbiotic relationships with other organisms. This demonstrates the widespread occurrence of symbiosis across different taxonomic groups in nature.
✅ Statement 1 – Correct: Cnidarians like corals form symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae), which is essential for coral reef ecosystems.
✅ Statement 2 – Correct: Fungi form diverse symbiotic associations including mycorrhizae with plant roots and lichens with algae or cyanobacteria.
✅ Statement 3 – Correct: Protozoa establish symbiotic relationships, such as those living in termite guts that help digest cellulose.
📝 Short Notes: Symbiotic Relationships in Different Organisms
| Organism Group | Example of Symbiosis | Type | Benefit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cnidarians | Coral-Zooxanthellae | Mutualism | Algae get shelter; coral gets nutrients from photosynthesis |
| Fungi | Mycorrhizae (Fungi-Plant roots) | Mutualism | Fungus gets carbohydrates; plant gets enhanced nutrient absorption |
| Fungi | Lichens (Fungi-Algae/Cyanobacteria) | Mutualism | Algae produce food; fungus provides structure and protection |
| Protozoa | Termite gut protozoa | Mutualism | Protozoa get habitat; termites digest cellulose |
| Protozoa | Ruminant gut protozoa | Mutualism | Help break down plant material in herbivores |
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship
- Symbiosis: Close and long-term biological interaction between different species
- Zooxanthellae: Single-celled dinoflagellates crucial for coral bleaching studies
- Ecological importance: Symbiotic relationships are fundamental to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity
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