Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 2 — Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are voluntary climate action plans submitted by countries before the Paris Agreement (2015). Each nation outlined its intended contributions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, transition to renewable energy, and adapt to climate impacts based on its national circumstances and capabilities. Once countries ratified the Paris Agreement, these INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) — the cornerstone of the global climate framework. They follow a bottom-up approach where countries independently determine their targets rather than having them imposed internationally.