UPSC CSE Prelims
Logical Reasoning Previous Year Questions (PYQs)
Showing solved Previous Year Questions for Chapter: Logical Reasoning
Topic Breakdown: Scroll →
With reference to 'circular letters', which of the following statements is/are correct?
- Circular letters are usually addressed to a group of people.
- Non-standard and customized content is typical of circular letters.
- Circular letters are used to intimate appraisals and increments of employees within organisations.
- Circular letters are less cost-effective than personalised and specific recipient-directed letters.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Detailed Explanation:
Circular letters are formal documents designed for mass communication to a large group (employees, customers, shareholders) to convey general announcements, policies, or updates.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Circular letters are addressed to a group of people, not individuals.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Circular letters contain standard, uniform content for all recipients; customization is a feature of personalized letters.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Appraisals and increments are confidential, individualized matters communicated through personalized letters, never through general circulars.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: Circular letters are highly cost-effective as the same message is duplicated for multiple recipients without customization.
- Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct, making Option 4 the correct answer.
Which among the following actions would constitute the most appropriate directive(s) in resolving interpersonal conflict in an office with culturally diverse personnel?
- Direct personnel to practise activities that are the cultural markers of diverse groups
- Allow conflicts to resolve naturally over time to set an appropriate precedent of leadership
- Encourage personnel to seek each other's perspectives
Select the answer using the code given below.
Detailed Explanation:
Effective conflict resolution in culturally diverse workplaces requires active empathy and perspective-taking, not forced cultural participation or passive inaction.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Directing personnel to practice cultural markers is artificial, addresses no root cause, and may breed resentment or cultural appropriation.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Allowing conflicts to resolve naturally is passive leadership that risks escalation, toxicity, and reduced productivity in diverse teams.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Encouraging personnel to seek each other's perspectives fosters empathy, active listening, mutual respect, and collaborative resolution of misunderstandings.
- Therefore, only Statement 3 is appropriate, making Option 3 the correct answer.
Match List-I with List-II and select the answer using the code given below the Lists :
List-I (Tool of communication)
- Memorandum
- Flyer
- Bcc
- Minutes
List-II (Purpose)
- To record decisions
- To inform confidentially
- To intimate a directive
- To disseminate non-targeted information
Detailed Explanation:
Memorandum is used to intimate directives or official communications within organizations (A-3). Flyers disseminate non-targeted information to the general public (B-4). Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy) informs recipients confidentially without others knowing (C-2). Minutes are official records of meeting decisions and discussions (D-1).
Therefore, the correct matching is A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1, making Option 3 the correct answer.
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Consider the following three statements, namely S1, S2 and S3 :
S1. Protecting the environment is an existential exigency for humans, given the impact of environmental degradation on climate change.
S2. Scientific consensus has not been achieved with regard to the extent of the contribution of human intervention to climate change.
S3. Environmental activism includes climate alarmism and other extremist points of view that often become the focus of climate change deniers.
Which of the following relationships based on the statements given above is/are correct?
- S3 is a counterpoint to S1
- S3 is unconnected to S1 and S2
- S2 could be the reason for S3
Select the answer using the code given below.
Detailed Explanation:
S1 asserts environmental protection is existentially necessary due to climate change. S2 notes lack of consensus on human contribution extent. S3 observes that activism includes alarmism, which deniers exploit.
Relationship 1 is Incorrect: S3 does not counter S1's necessity argument—it only critiques activism tactics. Relationship 2 is Incorrect: S3 directly connects to S2; uncertainty in consensus creates space for both alarmism and denial. Relationship 3 is Correct: S2's lack of consensus logically enables the phenomena described in S3—activists overcompensate with alarmism, deniers exploit uncertainty.
Therefore, only Relationship 3 is valid, making Option 4 the correct answer.
A cut on a solid object divides the object into two parts where the new surfaces thus produced are plane. On the other hand, one single cut can be used to cut more than one object at a time. In an experiment, the total number of pieces produced by applying $n$ cuts is denoted by $x_n$. The experiment is performed on a solid cube where pieces remain unmoved after each cut. In this experiment, if after the third cut, the pieces are identical, then which of the following is not a possible value for $x_4$?
Detailed Explanation:
After three cuts producing identical pieces, the fourth cut increases the total by the number of pieces it intersects: x₄ = x₃ + (pieces cut by 4th plane).
For x₄ = 5: Three parallel cuts yield 4 identical slabs; the 4th cut intersects 1 slab → 4+1=5. For x₄ = 8: Same 4 slabs, 4th cut intersects all 4 → 4+4=8. For x₄ = 12: Three cuts yield 6 identical pieces; 4th cut intersects all 6 → 6+6=12. For x₄ = 16: Requires x₃=8 (a 2×2×2 cube arrangement) and the 4th cut intersecting all 8 pieces. However, a single plane cannot pass through the interiors of all 8 corner cubes in a 2×2×2 arrangement simultaneously.
Therefore, 16 is geometrically impossible, making Option 1 the correct answer.
Consider the following statements: Every red is blue. Every blue is green. Every green is yellow.
Which of the following statements denoted by P, Q and R are correct? P. Every blue is yellow. Q. Every red is green. R. Every red is yellow.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Detailed Explanation:
Chain of relationships: Red ⊂ Blue ⊂ Green ⊂ Yellow. Every red is blue, every blue is green, every green is yellow—this creates a transitive chain.
Statement P (Every blue is yellow): Blue ⊂ Green and Green ⊂ Yellow ⇒ Blue ⊂ Yellow. Correct.
Statement Q (Every red is green): Red ⊂ Blue and Blue ⊂ Green ⇒ Red ⊂ Green. Correct.
Statement R (Every red is yellow): Red ⊂ Blue ⊂ Green ⊂ Yellow ⇒ Red ⊂ Yellow. Correct.
Therefore, all three statements P, Q, and R are logically valid, making Option 4 the correct answer.
There are four statements X, Y, Z and W. Their relations are as follows:
If X is incorrect, then so is Z; if Y is incorrect, then W is correct; if W is correct, then X is incorrect.
Which of the following is/are correct?
I. If X is correct, then so is Y.
II. If Z is correct, then it is not necessary that Y is correct.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Detailed Explanation:
Given relations: ¬X ⇒ ¬Z; ¬Y ⇒ W; W ⇒ ¬X. Chaining these: ¬Y ⇒ W ⇒ ¬X ⇒ ¬Z.
Taking the contrapositive (reversing and negating): Z ⇒ X ⇒ ¬W ⇒ Y. This shows X ⇒ Y (Statement I is correct) and Z ⇒ Y (Statement II is incorrect, as Y must be correct if Z is correct).
Therefore, only Statement I is correct, making Option 1 the correct answer.