Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 4 — Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Statement-I claims that temperature contrast between continents and oceans is greater during summer, which is incorrect. In reality, the contrast is greater during winter because land cools rapidly while oceans retain heat, creating a large temperature difference. During summer, both land and ocean warm up, resulting in a smaller temperature contrast.

❌ Statement-I – Incorrect: Temperature contrast between continents and oceans is greater during winter, not summer, as land loses heat quickly in winter while oceans remain relatively warm.

✅ Statement-II – Correct: Water has a higher specific heat capacity than land, meaning it heats up and cools down more slowly, which explains the moderating influence of oceans on temperature.

📝 Short Notes: Differential Heating of Land and Water

• Specific Heat Capacity: Water has about 4 times the specific heat capacity of land, requiring more energy to change its temperature.
• Summer Pattern: Land heats up quickly and becomes warmer than oceans; temperature difference is moderate (typically 5-10°C).
• Winter Pattern: Land cools rapidly and becomes much colder than oceans; temperature difference is large (can exceed 20-30°C), creating maximum contrast.
• Continentality Effect: Areas far from oceans experience extreme temperature variations due to lack of moderating oceanic influence.
• Maritime Climate: Coastal regions have smaller annual temperature ranges due to oceanic influence.
• Monsoon Formation: Differential heating between land and ocean drives monsoon circulation, especially prominent in winter when contrast is maximum.