Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 3 — 1 and 3

This question tests knowledge about probiotics, which are live microorganisms beneficial for gut health. Statements 1 and 3 are correct as probiotics include both bacteria and yeast, and certain strains help digest lactose (milk sugar).

✅ Statement 1 – Correct: Probiotics consist of both bacteria (like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) and yeast (like Saccharomyces boulardii).

❌ Statement 2 – Incorrect: Probiotic organisms naturally occur in our gut as part of the normal gut microbiome; probiotics supplement these beneficial microbes.

✅ Statement 3 – Correct: Some probiotic strains produce lactase enzyme, which helps break down lactose (milk sugar), aiding digestion especially in lactose-intolerant individuals.

📝 Short Notes: Probiotics

• Definition: Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, particularly for gut health.
• Common Types: Bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus) and Yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii).
• Natural Sources: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, tempeh, miso, pickles, and other fermented foods.
• Benefits: Improve digestive health, enhance immune function, aid lactose digestion, synthesize vitamins (B and K), prevent diarrhea and constipation.
• Gut Microbiome: Human gut naturally contains trillions of microorganisms; probiotics supplement beneficial strains already present.
• vs Prebiotics: Probiotics are live organisms; prebiotics are non-digestible food components that feed beneficial gut bacteria.