Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 4 — 1, 2 and 3

All three statements are correct as agricultural soils, cattle, and poultry industry are significant sources of reactive nitrogen compounds that contribute to environmental pollution and climate change.

✅ Statement 1 – Correct: Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides (particularly nitrous oxide - N₂O) through microbial processes like nitrification and denitrification, especially from nitrogen-based fertilizers.

✅ Statement 2 – Correct: Cattle release ammonia (NH₃) into the environment primarily through urine and manure decomposition, contributing to air pollution and acid rain.

✅ Statement 3 – Correct: The poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds including ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen oxides from manure management and feed production processes.

📝 Short Notes: Reactive Nitrogen Pollution

• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Primarily N₂O from agricultural soils; potent greenhouse gas with ~300 times the warming potential of CO₂; also contributes to ozone depletion.
• Ammonia (NH₃): Released from livestock waste and manure; forms particulate matter (PM2.5) in atmosphere; contributes to eutrophication when deposited in water bodies.
• Sources of Agricultural Nitrogen: Synthetic fertilizer application, animal manure, crop residue decomposition, and legume cultivation.
• Environmental Impacts: Air quality degradation, soil acidification, water pollution, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions.
• Livestock Contribution: Global livestock sector responsible for ~10-12% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, with significant nitrogen compounds release.