Consider the following minerals:
- Bentonite
- Chromite
- Kyanite
- Sillimanite
In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?
Detailed Explanation:
Answer: Option 4 — 2, 3 and 4 only
In India, major minerals are those specified in the First Schedule of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. Bentonite is classified as a minor mineral, while Chromite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite are all major minerals.
1. Bentonite – Minor Mineral: Bentonite is a clay mineral used in drilling mud, foundry sand, and civil engineering applications. It is listed under minor minerals.
2. Chromite – Major Mineral ✅: Chromite is the only ore of chromium and is essential for manufacturing stainless steel and various alloys. It is a major mineral.
3. Kyanite – Major Mineral ✅: Kyanite is a refractory mineral used in ceramics and high-temperature industrial applications. It is classified as a major mineral.
4. Sillimanite – Major Mineral ✅: Sillimanite is another refractory mineral with applications in metallurgy and industrial furnaces. It is a major mineral.
📝 Short Notes: Major vs Minor Minerals in India
| Aspect | Major Minerals | Minor Minerals |
|---|---|---|
| Legal Framework | Specified in First Schedule of MMDR Act, 1957 | Specified in Second Schedule of MMDR Act, 1957 |
| Regulatory Authority | Central Government | State Government |
| Examples | Chromite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Coal, Iron ore, Manganese, Gold, Diamond | Bentonite, Limestone (except for cement), Building stones, Gravel, Sand, Clay |
| Strategic Importance | High economic and industrial significance | Local importance, construction materials |
| Number | 64 minerals listed | Varies by state notification |
- Refractory Minerals: Kyanite and Sillimanite are aluminum silicate minerals with high heat resistance, crucial for refractory (heat-resistant) materials.
- Chromite in India: India has significant chromite reserves, mainly in Odisha (about 98% of national reserves).
- MMDR Amendment 2015: Provided greater transparency in mineral allocation through auction mechanism for major minerals.
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