Detailed Explanation:

Answer: Option 4 — 1, 2 and 3

All three technologies—CCTV, RFID, and WLAN—are classified as short-range communication devices. Short-range technologies typically operate within a few centimeters to a few hundred meters, unlike long-range technologies such as cellular networks or satellite communication.

✅ Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) – Short-Range: CCTV systems use cables or wireless connections with limited range, typically confined to a building or specific premises, operating within tens to hundreds of meters.

✅ Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) – Short-Range: RFID uses radio waves for identification and tracking, with typical reading ranges from a few centimeters to about 10 meters depending on the tag type (passive, active, or semi-passive).

✅ Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN/Wi-Fi) – Short-Range: WLAN networks typically operate within 20-100 meters indoors and up to 300 meters outdoors, making them short-range compared to wide-area networks like cellular or satellite systems.

📝 Short Notes: Short-Range Communication Technologies

• Short-range vs Long-range: Short-range technologies operate within localized areas (centimeters to hundreds of meters), while long-range technologies like cellular networks (kilometers) and satellite communication (global coverage) serve wider geographical areas.
• Power consumption: Short-range devices typically consume less power, making them suitable for battery-operated applications.
• Data rate: Generally, shorter ranges allow for higher data transfer rates (e.g., Wi-Fi offers Mbps to Gbps speeds).
• Applications: Short-range technologies are ideal for home automation, personal devices, local networking, surveillance, and proximity-based services.